Bio 101 Essay - 24965 Words

Lab Manual Introductory Biology (Version 1.4)  © 2010 eScience Labs, LLC All rights reserved www.esciencelabs.com †¢ 888.375.5487 2 Table of Contents: Introduction: Lab 1: The Scientific Method Lab 2: Writing a Lab Report Lab 3: Data Measurement Lab 4: Introduction to the Microscope Biological Processes: Lab 5: The Chemistry of Life Lab 6: Diffusion Lab 7: Osmosis Lab 8: Respiration Lab 9: Enzymes The Cell: Lab 10: Cell Structure Function Lab 11: Mitosis Lab 12: Meiosis Lab 13: DNA RNA Lab 14: Mendelian Genetics Lab 15: Population Genetics 3 Common Labware found in†¦show more content†¦Lab 1: The Scientific Method Time: 1 hour Materials: None Lab 2: Writing a Lab Report Time: 1 hour (plus 24 hours preparation time and 7†10 days for observation) Materials: Paper towels, water, masking tape Lab 3: Data Measurement Time: 1 hour Materials: Water Lab 4: Introduction to the Microscope Time: 1 hour Materials: Access to ESL’s Student Portal Biological Processes: Lab 5: The Chemistry of Life Time: 1 hour (plus 24 hours preparation time) Materials: Variety of household substances, plastic wrap, water, cutting utensil Lab 6: Diffusion Time: 1.5 hours Materials: Water, watch or timer , viscous liquid from cupboard Lab 7: Osmosis Time: 1 hour (plus 3 hours for observation) Materials: Water, watch or timer, several types of potatoes, cutting utensil, paper towel Lab 8: Respiration Time: 1 hour (plus 2 hours preparation time) Materials: Water, watch or timer, paper towel Lab 9: Enzymes Time: 1 hour (plus 2 hours preparation time) Materials: Water, watch or timer, string, ice, hot water, paper towel, ginger root, at least 2 other food sources (potato, apple, etc.) The Cell: Lab 10: Cell Structure Function Time: 1 hour (plus 24 hours for observation) Materials: Water, square plasticShow MoreRelatedBio 101 Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesHow Organism Evolved Physiologically Cassi Verkade How Organism Evolved Physiologically Organisms adapt to their environment but what happens when an organism’s surroundings and environment change? 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Your account will be activated immediately. 1. Personal Information Birthday: Sex: Male Female 2. Prepare Your Document(s) Title: Type of document: Essay, Term Paper, or Research Paper Course Notes, Exam, Study Guide, or Other School: Course Title: (ex. Bio 101 orRead MoreProspects Of An Automotive Fuel Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pages†¢ Sourced from a range of bio-mass or bio-waste †¢ Should possess appropriate properties for use in obtainable power generation systems without the need for major Changes. In the wake of exhausting petroleum stocks and the test of meeting the considerably more stringent discharge standards, specialists over the globe are spurred to recommend different other options to petrol and diesel. Different biofuels, for example, ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, green diesel, bio-ethers, and green growth basedRead MoreEssay on Evolution of the Finch on Darwin Wallace Island832 Words   |  4 PagesEvolution of the finch on Darwin amp; Wallace Island Wendy Chavez Principals of Biology/BIO 101 12/10/2012 Michael Erickson University of Phoenix Evolution of the finch on Darwin amp; Wallace Island A small population of finches have been discovered on Darwin and Wallace Island. The population is 200 finches at Darwin Island, and 200 finches at Wallace Island. The year is 1997, and scientist measured the finch beak size from both Darwin and Wallace Island. The finches from both islandRead MoreWalt Disney : A Pioneer Of Cartoon Films And As The Founder Of The Disney Company957 Words   |  4 Pagesat the Art Institute of Chicago. When Disney was 16, he dropped out of school because he wanted to be in the military. 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Corporate Social Responsibility And Its Effects On...

Corporate social responsibility is something that is practiced in every company. However, every company is different and is portrayed in the way they complete their Corporate social responsibilities. Because of this, each company is unique, especially Ben and Jerry’s. Ben and Jerry’s needs very specific corporate social responsibilities and because they are environmentally friendly. First, what is CSR? CSR is corporate social responsibility, which â€Å"refers to business practices involving initiatives that benefit society. A business s CSR can encompass a wide variety of tactics, from giving away a portion of a company s proceeds to charity, to implementing greener business operations† (Sammi Caramela). â€Å"Corporate social responsibility is a corporation’s initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company’s effects on environmental and social wellbeing. The term generally applies to efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups† (Corporate Social Responsibility). There are four main categories of social responsibility that many companies are partaking in: environmental efforts, philanthropy, ethical labor practices, and volunteering. As for environmental efforts, every company whether small or big has a large carbon footprint. Any movements a company makes to reduce that will benefit both the company and society as a whole. For philanthropy, companies are socially responsible for donating to large and small charities.Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Oil Exploration On Nigeria1027 Words   |  5 Pages 2004). It has however suffered the environmental impact of oil exploration with its attendant environmental degradation for years. Unfortunately, the influx of oil companies and the heightening of their operations in Niger Delta are not matched with an agenda for the development of Nigeria in general and Niger Delta in particular. The oil companies claim to have executed several projects in the host communities as part of their Corporate Social Re sponsibility. The claims include: construction ofRead MoreThe And Human Impact On Society1732 Words   |  7 PagesTime to Change – Where to Start? Financial reporting alone does not take into consideration the social, economic, and environmental responsibilities of a business. On the other hand, financial reporting along with sustainability reporting interconnects these responsibilities, and offers more comprehensive information about the financial and human impact on society. Sustainability reporting discloses other relevant information about a company that financial reporting lacks. Currently, laws and regulationsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1281 Words   |  6 PagesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Corporate social responsibility (CSR) could be essentially put as how organizations deal with their organizations, and the procedures embraced to viably deliver a general positive and enduring change inside the general public or the business environment where they work. Each business works in a regular social environment, and each business society contains the shareholders, clients, money related expert (Carroll and Buchholtz 2003, p. 36). Government, non-governmentRead MoreBusiness Sustainability : Managing The Triple Bottom Line1124 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness sustainability is managing the triple bottom line. It’s a process that companies manage their financial, social, and environmental risks, obligations, and opportunities. There are three different types of sustainability. 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In today’s business world any corporations who spend shareholder’s money if they invested any money in their company would be face with penalties and chargesRead MoreThe Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The Companies912 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate social responsibility, often abbreviated as ‘CSR’ is an approach taken by corporate companies of different purposes of the welfare of their workers, customers and as well as paying attention to ecological maintainability and responsible advertising. The term ‘CSR’ started becoming popular since World War II and has been a subject of maj or debate over whether a firm should solely aim for making profits or also consider giving back to its society, therefore, corporate social responsibilityRead MoreEnvironmental Performance Management : Corporate Social Responsibility1052 Words   |  5 Pages Environmental Performance Management Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept companies utilize to decide voluntarily in contributing to a better and cleaner environment. Growing concerns by leaders has realized the importance of CSR to maximize optimal profits of their firms. Companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations as well as with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. Labbai, (2007) defines CSR as a continuing commitment byRead MoreQuestions On Truth And Personal Ethics1083 Words   |  5 Pagesconduct. Para 3: Corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility emphasises ones business to take initiative to evaluate and take responsibility for the effects on environmental and social state in which they operate. This term relates to the efforts that go beyond the standardised levels of the environmental and social requirements imposed by the government. Cooperate social responsibility advocates new problems such as an environmental responsibility, a firm s duties to its

World Issues Comparing two articles †Colin Powell at the World Summit Free Essays

Recently many of the worlds leaders met in Johannesburg for the earth summit. It was called to mark the 10th anniversary of a meeting in Rio de Janeiro which managed to set up a number of important environmental agreements. Unfortunately the USA’s president, George Bush did not attend but sent his secretary of state, Colin Powell instead. We will write a custom essay sample on World Issues: Comparing two articles – Colin Powell at the World Summit or any similar topic only for you Order Now There were 65, 000 delegates and 174 countries were represented. The first earth summit, hosted in Rio de Janeiro (1992) managed to set up several agreements, based on the environment and the future shape of global industrial development. It set up an agenda called agenda 21. This agenda set out the way that planet-wide environmental improvements could be achieved if local authorities made more of a priority of issues such as recycling and energy conservation. Now looking back at the summit from 10 years in the future, I personally think it was a failure, nothing seems to have changed. Problems such as pollution and energy conservation just seem to have gotten worse. Although things like recycling have begun to grow in some countries e. g. UK. The Articles The Sun article states facts about what happened when Colin Powell was eing â€Å"heckled†. It has little information about what was actually discussed. It could have stated the history behind the summit and the reasons for the heckling. The Times article is more â€Å"in depth†. It goes behind the summit and states its background while still stating information about Colin Powell’s heckling and also the achievements of the summit e. g. the agreement, aimed at reducing world poverty and protecting the environment. It also has statements from the some of the world leaders such as â€Å"there should not be any more such mega-summits† which was ade by the Prime Minister of Denmark and the president of the European Union. Comparing the two articles, I find that The Times article is more detailed than The Sun article. Also there are the differences in language which you find between a tabloid (Sun) and a broadsheet (Times). The Sun seems to deal with the main issue of Colin Powell’s heckling while The Times deals with the summit as a whole with Colin Powell’s heckling included. The writers approach the article in different ways because of the types of newspaper they work for (e. g. tabloid) and perhaps there ersonal opinion on the subject. The Sun article is based more on the interesting parts of the incident with Colin Powell and also has hints of the writers opinion e. g. â€Å"agreement was branded inadequate†. While The Times article deals with issues of the summit and includes information about Colin Powell’s heckling. e. g. â€Å"Powell’s speech made it clear that the Bush administration has written off the planet† Both articles are biased but The Sun is more than The Times. The Sun seems to be pro-America which means most of its comments seem to make America seem in the right and are trying to create sympathy for Colin Powell. But The Times is very critical of America â€Å"Bush has written off the planet† even though it is critical, it does not mean that its against America but it does seems to â€Å"nit-pick†. To draw this to a close, I think that The Times article and The Sun article expressed different opinions on these events. Some points were bad while others were good. I believe that The Times article is the best due to its contrast of opinion and â€Å"in depth† information of the summit. I think that the Johannesburg summit like its predecessor was a failure even though some agreements were made. Some of the delegates branded the agreements inadequate therefore not everyone liked it. Also one of the biggest problems (America) did not seem to take much notice and as I stated have written off the planet. The main problem with putting agreements into practice is that perhaps some countries will adopt a scheme but not all countries will so the problem goes on and that some of the people on these countries will not do the extra work required to make it work (e. g. Recycling) How to cite World Issues: Comparing two articles – Colin Powell at the World Summit, Papers

International Human Resource Management - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInternational Human Resource Management for Employees. Answer: Teaching case Contemporary business organizations are entering in the global market in order to enhance their market share and market presence. However, in operating in the global market scenario, there are various aspects that should be considered by the business organizations. One of the key factors is the maintenance of the diversity in the workforce (Jonsen et al. 2013). This is due to the reason that, in the global business scenario, employees are being recruited from various regions across the world. Thus, these business organizations will have diversified workforce, which should be maintained effectively. This is due to the reason that, in the diversified workforce, employees belongs from different social and cultural backgrounds (Okoro and Washington 2012). In accordance to that, they will have different requirement and expectation from the organization. Thus, business organizations entering in the global market and operating with diversified employees will have to initiate effective strat egies in order to enhance the effectiveness of the diversified workforce. Qantas is one of the leading and biggest airliners in Australia as well as in the whole world. They are also one of most renowned brands in terms of the employer branding among the job seekers. However, in the recent years, they have faced the issues with their employees in their different operational units around the world. This is due to the reason that, Qantas is having their operational facilities around the world with having diversified employees (Patrick and Kumar 2012). However, one issue being faced by them is the ineffective maintenance of the employees in the workplace. According to the report being published, employees in the Qantas are having the problem with the workplace condition. Moreover, employees being recruited from different cultural and social backgrounds have also accused the organization that effective maintenance of the workforce diversity is not being enhanced. In addition, it is also been reported that, effective training and for the employees from differen t cultural backgrounds is not being initiated and thus these employees are facing challenges in effectively communicating with the local employees. For the above discussed issues, Qantas should implement effective management of human resources in order to prevent these issues. One of the key and effective measures for the business organizations is the international human resource management. Initiation of the concept of international human resource management will help the business organizations to effectively manage and fulfill the requirement of the diversified workforce. One of the key aspects of international human resource management is the recruitment. Recruiting and selecting the right employees who can get adjusted with the existing organizational culture and procedures will help to reduce the chance of employee related issues. According to Bratton and Gold (2012), there are mainly three approaches being followed in enhancing the effectiveness of the recruitment policies of the business organizations. According to the authors, one of the approaches is the initiation of the ethnocentric approach. In this case, the employe es are being selected only from the parent country of the organizations in their host country facility. Though, this model does not promote the diversity in the organization, but also helps the organizations to bring forward their organizational culture in their host country facility also. The organizational values and cultures are being effectively followed in the host country unit due to having the same culture of the employees from the parent country (Gehman, Trevino and Garud 2013). Another approach in the recruitment process is the polycentric approach. According to Tiwari (2013), polycentric approach refers to the recruitment of the employees from the host country. In this model, business organizations have the advantages of effectively determining the local market requirement due to the presence of the local employees. According to the author, in this case, the issues related to the diversity are being effectively mitigated due to the reason that entire organizational structure is being filled with the human resources from the host country. However, both of these approaches are not promoting diversity in the workforce and thus, there is less chance of having the issues related to the diversity. On the other hand, it is to be noted that in the initiation of the process of the international human resource management, these approaches will help to effectively manage the employees from social and cultural backgrounds (Jeon and Choi 2012). Moreover, though diversi fied workforce cannot be maintained with these two approaches but these will help the business organizations to maintain the employees from the same social backgrounds in different operational facilities around the world. Another approach in the recruitment process is the geocentric approach. According to Guo, Rammal and Dowling (2016), polycentric is the only staffing approach in the international human resource management that promotes having diversified employees in the organization. According to this approach, business organizations selects employees both from the host and home countries based on the organizational requirement and skill and expertise of the candidates. This approach promotes having employees from different social backgrounds in the organization. Effective implementation of the above stated steps will help Qantas to reduce the probability of the employee related issues. Moreover, with having effective policy of recruitment of the employees, Qantas will have the access to the skilled and expertise employees, which will further help them to enhance the competitive advantages of them in the market. As discussed earlier, employees from different cultures and social backgrounds had accused the organization of not initiating the effective working environment in the workplace. Thus, initiation of effective training programs will be beneficial for the organization due to the reason that, employees will be trained with the domestic culture of the host country (Ford 2014). Thus, the issues related to the employees from different social background can be mitigated. Another recommended measure will be the initiation of the effective policy of diversity and equality among the employees. This is due to the reason that, if the employees fro m different social backgrounds can be given equal representation in the organization, then all the employees will feel involved in the organization and employee related issues will be reduced and prevented. Model answers What will be benefits of effective management of the workforce diversity? Workforce diversity is one of the major aspects that should be considered by the business organizations in the current business scenario. According to Podsiadlowski, Grschke, Kogler, Springer and Van Der Zee (2013), effective management of the diversity in the workplace will have positive implications on the employee engagement. This is due to the reason that, due to the reason of effective management of the diversity in the organization, employees will feel motivated if the particular community from where they belong is being given the proper attention. Thus, the effectiveness and the productivity of the employees will get enhanced. According to the theory being stated by Maslow regarding the motivational level in the workplace, it is being stated that various factors should be considered to enhance the level of motivation of the employees. If the working environment in the organization can be effectively maintained then the safety needs and love and belonging needs of the employees will get fulfilled. Thus, with the effective maintenance of the diversity in the organization, the working environment in the organization will get enhanced. This will in turn help the employees to feel more motivated in the organization. In addition, with having the motivated employees in the organization, the organizational productivity will get increased along with the increase in the level of satisfaction of the employees. Thus, the above identified issues can be avoided. What will be negative implication of employee issues for Qantas? As discussed earlier, there are various issues being identified in the internal management of Qantas. One of the key issues being identified is the lack of maintenance of diversity among the employees. There will be various negative implications for these identified issues for the organization. One of the key implications will be the lack of motivation among the employees. This is due to the reason that, if the diversity is not being maintained in the workforce, then employees will feel connected with other internal stakeholders in the organization belonging from the different social backgrounds. Thus, the initiation of the mutual trust and cooperation among the employees will not get enhanced. It will also affect the relationship between the internal stakeholders. Another key implication from the above identified issues will be providence of ineffective customer service. This is due to the reason that, if the employees are not being involved and engaged in the organization, then they cannot be able to provide effective service to the customers. Thus, the customer satisfaction level will get affected along with the customer loyalty of Qantas. According to the opinion being given by Anitha (2014), employee engagement will determine the performance of the employees in the organization. This is due to the reason that, as per the author, the more engaged will be the employees, the more effectiveness and performance of the employees. They will feel more involved in the organization. Thus, it will in turn enhance the customer service quality. However, as discussed earlier, ineffective management of the diversity in the organization will de-motivate the employees and it will adversely affect the performance and effectiveness of the employees of Qantas . What are the advantages of effective international human resource management? For the contemporary business organizations, managing the employees is one of the key aspects that should be considered by them in order to gain competitive advantages in the market. This is due to the reason that, the more effectively the employees will be managed, the more engaged will be the employees in the organization. Moreover, initiation of the effective human resource management will further help the organization to train and equip the employees in meeting the organizational challenges (Beardwell and Thompson 2014). As discussed in the above case, majority of the contemporary business organizations are operating in the global market and thus they are having diversified employees from different cultural and social backgrounds. In this case, initiation of the international human resource management will be more beneficial due to the reason that, it will help the organization to effectively manage and fulfill the diversified requirement and expectation of the employees. According to Jiang, Lepak, Hu and Baer (2012), initiation of human resource management will further help the organization to provide effective customer service. Moreover, due to the reason that, Qantas is an service organization and they deals directly with the end customers, thus providing effective customer service is having more benefits for them. As discussed in the above case, initiation of the international human resource management involves initiation of various recruitment approaches to select the right employees for the right job (Koskan et al. 2013). Moreover, implementing the different approaches in different situations will help them to achieve positive outcome from the internal management. What should be done in order to enhance the diversity policy for Qantas? Enhancing the diversity policy in the organization is much important for Qantas due to the reason that, it will create the effective understanding and mutual cooperation among the employees, which will in turn reduce the chance of employee oriented issues in the organization. One of the key measures should be taken by them is to provide training to the entire workforce consisting both the employees from the home and host countries (Topno 2012). Providence of the training will help the organization to aware the employees about the benefits of the workforce diversity. Thus, the employees will have the awareness about the benefits of having the diversified workforce in the organization. Another measure that can be initiated by Qantas is the initiation of the geocentric approach of staffing. This is due to the reason that, geocentric approach will help the organization to select employees from both the home and host countries. Thus, the workforce will have the employees from various social and cultural backgrounds (Treven 2017). The more will be differentiation among the social background of the employees, the more they will be motivated to communicate with other employees. Thus, it will in turn help the organization to have effective diversity in the workforce of them. Reference Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Beardwell, J. and Thompson, A., 2014.Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Ford, J.K., 2014.Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Gehman, J., Trevino, L.K. and Garud, R., 2013. Values work: A process study of the emergence and performance of organizational values practices.Academy of Management Journal,56(1), pp.84-112. Guo, Y., Rammal, H.G. and Dowling, P.J., 2016. Global talent management and staffing in MNEs: An introduction to the edited volume of international business and management. InGlobal Talent Management and Staffing in MNEs(pp. xv-xxiv). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Jeon, H. and Choi, B., 2012. The relationship between employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction.Journal of Services Marketing,26(5), pp.332-341. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), pp.1264-1294. Jonsen, K., Tatli, A., zbilgin, M.F. and Bell, M.P., 2013. The tragedy of the uncommons: Reframing workforce diversity.Human Relations,66(2), pp.271-294. Koskan, A.M., Hilfinger Messias, D.K., Friedman, D.B., Brandt, H.M. and Walsemann, K.M., 2013. Program planners' perspectives of promotora roles, recruitment, and selection.Ethnicity health,18(3), pp.262-279. Okoro, E.A. and Washington, M.C., 2012. Workforce diversity and organizational communication: Analysis of human capital performance and productivity.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),7(1), p.57. Patrick, H.A. and Kumar, V.R., 2012. Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges.Sage Open,2(2), p.2158244012444615. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C. and Van Der Zee, K., 2013. Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), pp.159-175. Tiwari, N., 2013. Managing human resources in international organizations.Global Journal of Management and Business Studies,3(4), pp.355-360. Topno, H., 2012. Evaluation of training and development: An analysis of various models.IOSR Journal of Business and Management,5(2), pp.16-22. Treven, S., 2017. Human resource management in international organizations.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,6(1-2), pp.177-189.

memory Essays (149 words) - Mental Processes, Memory,

People often misremember, or forget completely. What can be deduced about the processes of memory on the basis of everyday memory failures? It would be difficult to think of a cognitive process which could be carried out without a memory system. However, people often complain that they often do forget the things which they would like to remember. Therefore an understanding of the way memory works is especially important when looking at why people misremember and forget. Because of this, much research has been carried out over the years on memory. Research in the 1970's tended to be based on the structural view of memory based on the modal model. This was later replaced with the idea that we have different types of knowledge with memory systems and memory processes. The most influential approach to what governs the complex pattern of remembering and forgetting has come from schema theory

How to Type Accents in Italian on a Keyboard

How to Type Accents in Italian on a Keyboard Suppose youre writing to an Italian friend, and you want to say something like  Di dov’à ¨ la tua famiglia?  (Where is your family from?), but you don’t know how to type the accent over the â€Å"e.† Many  words in Italian  need accent marks, and while you could just ignore all those symbols, it’s actually quite easy to type them on a computer keyboard. You only need to make a few simple adjustments to your computers keyboard program- whether you have a Mac or a PC- and youll be able to insert accented Italian  characters (à ¨, à ©, à ², , à ¹) for  any electronic message. If You Have a Mac If you an  Apple Macintosh computer, the steps for creating accent marks in Italian are quite simple. Method 1: To place an accent over: option tilde (~) / then press the ‘a’ keyà ¨ option tilde (~) / then press the ‘e’ keyà © option ‘e’ key / then press the ‘e’ key againà ² option tilde (~) / then press the ‘o’ keyà ¹ option tilde (~) / then press the ‘u’ key Method 2: Click on the Apple icon on the top left of the screen.Click System Preferences.Choose Keyboard.Choose Input Sources.Click the add button on the bottom left of the screen.Choose Italian.Click Add.In the top right-hand corner of your desktop, click on the symbol of the American flag.Choose the Italian flag. Your keyboard is now in Italian, but that means you have a whole new set of keys to learn. Semicolon key (;) à ²Apostrophe key (‘) Left bracket key ([) à ¨Shift left bracket key ([) à ©Backslash key (\) à ¹ You can also choose Show Keyboard Viewer from the flag icon drop-down to see all of the keys. If you have a PC Using Windows 10, you can actually turn your keyboard into a device that will type Italian letters, accent marks and all. Method 1: From the desktop: Choose Control PanelsGo to the Clock, Language, Region option.Select (click on) Add a LanguageA screen with dozens of language options will appear. Choose Italian. Method 2: With the NumLock key on, hold down the ALT key and strike the three- or four-digit code sequence on the keypad for the desired characters. For example, to type , the code would be â€Å"ALT 0224.† There will be different codes for capitalized and lowercase letters.Release the ALT key and the accented letter will appear. Consult the Italian Language Character Chart for the correct numbers. Tips and Hints An upper-pointing accent, as in the character , is called laccento acuto, while a downward-pointing accent, as in the character , is called laccento grave. You may also see Italians using an apostrophe after the letter e instead of typing the accent above it. While this isn’t technically correct, it’s widely accepted, such as in the sentence: Lui e’ un uomo simpatico, which means, He’s a nice guy. If you want to type without having to use codes or shortcuts, use a website, such as this one from  Italian.typeit.org, a very handy free site that provides typing symbols in a variety of languages, including Italian. You simply click on the letters you want and then copy and paste what youve written onto a word-processing document or email.

Higher Health Insurance Premiums This Year Blame ObamaCare Essay

Higher Health Insurance Premiums This Year Blame ObamaCare - Essay Example However, experts say that issuing a superb apology serves to simplify complex issues. This argument is logical since the author immensely recognizes the importance of issuing an apology (Donelly). He continues to proof this by saying that in order to ensure that clients get over the awful feelings, they need a prompt apology. It is imperative to state that there is efficient organization of this article as it clearly outlines the nature of an apology such as a warm salutation in order to soften the recipient and should be inclusive of terms such as sorry, apologize, and regret (Donelly). The author tries to outline the fundamental nature of an apology. He continues to emphasize that the format of an apology largely depends on the client relationship and writing should be the suitable way of issuing an apology. On my opinion, I deeply agree with the author that apologies serve to enhance efficient interaction with other individuals as they serve to minimize conflicts. An apology should be timely as the worst practice is waiting for a long time before issuing an apology, as customers will get angrier. It is worth concluding that one should send an apology after the occurrence of the incident in order to minimize

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Warming - Essay Example conservatives whether the issue of global warming have been verified and concluded or were just all deception to route the issue to a rather more complicated picture of politics and economics. However, the issue that the Earth is heating up and that greenhouse gases should be immediately reduced have been the primary concerns for most environment advocates around the world, pointing out our responsibilities to eliminate those elements and be able to save our planet before anything else worse could happen. With the release of the documentary entitled An Inconvenient Truth in 2006, former Vice President Al Gore brilliantly showcased what he assumed to be the possible consequences of global warming if we, humans will not restrict ourselves in producing greenhouse gases. He furthered in his book An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It, that â€Å"the world’s oceans are becoming more acidic due to enormous quantities of CO2† (p. 40) and that the most dramatic impact of global warming is the melting of ice sheets in the Arctic which will result to rising of sea level to up to 6 feet. However, Gregg Easterbrook, an environmental commentator rebutted that these were â€Å"realistic short-term prospect† and that even mild restriction in the use of greenhouse gases will immobilize the economy. He rather emphasized the use of technology and effective regulations of environmental laws to somehow lessen the use or productio n of greenhouse gases and eventually alter the immediate progress of climate change. He stayed optimistic that previous air-pollution problems have been reduced faster in a cheaper way added that added that â€Å"the basic pattern observed in all other forms of air-pollution control – rapid progress at low cost – should repeat for greenhouse-gas controls† (Some Convenient Truths, para.

Issues in contemporary management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issues in contemporary management - Essay Example In fact, some economic pundits project that the economy of China may overtake that of the U.S. in the next few decades. However, despite all these good fortunes, research indicates that China has not improved the working conditions for its workers to ensure their satisfaction (FoxNews.com 2012). This is because the government appears not to have enacted adequate laws to protect its labor force from unethical employers if media reports are anything to go by. The country’s media has reported several incidences of labor unrest in many companies in the country, which generally points at poor working conditions and rights violations by employers. For instance, the media has reported several instances of suicidal tendencies by Apple workers according to Green (2012). What is certain is that most workers at Apple resort to suicide when the management is not ready and willing to listen to their grievances and take action. Such behaviors by management can be termed unethical because it shows lack of management’s commitment to the worker’s welfare and well-being (Gayle 2012). This paper will examine the contemporary management issues at Apple in China in light of the high incidences of suicide in the company over the last few years. It is undisputable that Apple products command very high demand in the world. Nevertheless, the working conditions at most of its supply chain appears wanting if the number of suicides and labor unrest being experienced at its supply chains in Chain are anything to go by. For instance, Foxconn Company, one of the main manufacturers of Apple products in China has been making headlines mostly for bad reasons (He 2009). This is because a year hardly passes without labor unrest being reported. Reports indicate that most of the worker’s at Apple supply chains have been protesting through threats of suicide while other go to the extent of not just threatening, but by committing suicide. What is worrying is that the trend has been in place for quite some time now unabated. Ramzy (2012) reports that at least 14 workers committed suicide at Foxconn in the year 2010. However, Qiang (2012) also noted the number has so far risen to 18 following two reported cases of suicide with the last case having been reported on 14 June. However, to make mater worse, the company appears not to have learnt anything from the past suicides that have been committed in the company. This is because Moore (2012) recently reported another mass protest by least 150 Foxconn workers who were threatening to commit mass suicide in the company over poor working conditions in the company. Moore (2012) reported that the workers climbed on the rooftop of the factory in their numbers before threatening suicide. However, the management of the company pleaded with them before being coaxed away. Moore (2012) reveals that the protest began on 2 January 2012 following a move by the managers of Foxconn Company to shift close to 600 employee s to new production lines. However, the managers are reported to have made this move without providing enough training to the workers to be able to handle the new tasks they were being given (Ramzy 2012). In addition, one of the protesters said that as much as this was being done, they were being paid just piecemeal (McGrath 2012). The protesters stated that the salaries they were being offered by the company have made them poorer than they were before since it does not commensurate with the living standards of the

Evaluation of Indias Online Travel Industry

Evaluation of Indias Online Travel Industry MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS PROJECT: ONLINE TRAVEL INDUSTRY GROUP MEMBERS: Nikita Goenka (PGP30324) Padmaja Agnihotri (PGP30316) Sandeep Kumar (ABM11034) Ravali Malka (PGP30317) Vishwas Nandan (PGP 30353) Saurav Kumar (PGP30340) Rohan Kokane (PGP30336) BACKGROUND India is a country with vast demography and a wide spectrum of opportunities. Better job avenues have gifted the youth with greater discretionary power. Rising use of internet plastic money has made the field of e-commerce an exponentially growing field in recent times. Why E-Travel as a subject of research? E-travel in India has a lion’s share in the Indian E-commerce contributing to a whopping 82% to the entire market share in the year 2013 (Graph 1). Also, E-travel exhibited a marvelous annual growth of 53% in 2013 over 2012. This is further complemented by the fact that the Indian tourism industry is the 2nd fastest growing in the world. The present paper aims at unravelling various facets of this booming industry and studying its position in the private sector, especially e-commerce industry. Other merits: Online travel demands least capital infrastructure costs Quick delivery of services enhances consumer satisfaction EVOLUTION Based on the single idea of easing travelling in India, online travel services started around a decade ago. Booming of IT sector in India was one of the major factors stimulating online travel. Online travelling segment constitutes around 70% 80% ($25 billion) of all e-commerce activities and has been a major driver of the industry. Key schemes and policies implemented by e-commerce industry can be considered as major factor for success of the segment. Exhaustive assistance, user friendly websites, customer grievance redress are the major attractions prevailing in the segment. Makemytrip, Yatra.com, Redbus are some websites which have seen rocketed growth as presented in Graph 2 and Graph 3. PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND Price Elasticity is defined as percentage change in demand due to one percent change in price. Online travel industry faces more level of price sensitivity than traditional channels, majorly because of ease of access to- PRODUCT INFORMATION PRICE INFORMATION CHANNEL SELECTION FORWARD LINKAGES: Nowadays Travel industry is not restricted to its conventional travel business only. It has extended to forward linkages like bus tickets, travel insurance firm hotels. Share of each linkage has been presented in Graph 4 Regulations Introduced by the government and its impact: The regulatory norms laid down by the government of India are aimed at promoting growth of the market which have effect on the online travel industry. With the customers slowly moving from traditional ways of booking to online, these norms have greatly influenced the growth of online travel industry. A few regulatory norms laid are as follows: COST STRUCTURE: The cost structure of online travel can be analysed in two ways: Traditional costing analysis through study of the PL statement ABC (activity based costing ) by analyzing the cost driver for each specific segment The following sections explains both the above stated viewpoints: Traditional costing analysis: The income statements of various big players of the online travel industry are available for study. One such player is Makemytrip.com, a leading firm in online travel. Graph 5 summarizes the various expenses of Makemytrip for 4 consecutive years in descending order. Activities of online travel: The various activities of online travel have been are categorized as: Core Activities and Support Activities The activities are studied considering their respective drivers in terms of the resources allotted and other factors such as time and space devoted etc. PRODUCTION STRUCTURE Online travel industry offers services to its customers as a product. There are various types of services which online travel industry offers:- Core services Air, Rail and hotel advance bookings and ticketing Discount fares program Event management service Value added services Tracking of journey 24 hours emergency service Ticket approval using email system Insurance Graph 6: Traffic generated from mobile devices. Graph 7: Reach of travel portals (India and Global) Graph 8: Profit Margin by segments PRODUCTION FUNCTION A production function gives relationship between inputs (capital, labour and other factors) and outputs (goods and services). Online travel agency have high initial and fixed cost which it makes as less labour intensive sector. U= U (P, Y) Y= F (K, L) Where U = utility function of cost (P) and trips (Y) F = Production function of capital (K) (travel agencies) In short run, if labour is increased, the performance and maintenance of the online portal will be improvised. So this in-turn might increase number of trips for some time period then falls as online travel agency is more technology based and improving labour doesn’t increase much of output. In long run, an improvement in the state of technology shifts the production function up, leading to an increase in output per worker for a given level of capital per worker. The higher the technology, higher Y for a given K and L. An improvement in the state of technology shifts the production function up, leading to an increase in output per worker for a given level of capital per worker COST FUNCTION Cost function is effect of level of production on the cost which the firm is incurring. Since in online travel industry we don’t have any such physical product, we can relate the level of production with the sales generated by company. Cost analysis for Thomas Cook has been done in Table 1 and Graph 9. TABLE – 1: Thomas Cook- Average and Marginal cost of the service delivered Year Sales (INR in mn) Total Cost (INR in mn) AC MC 2010 3455 3086 0.8932 2011 4017 3094 0.7703 0.01 2012 4386 3300 0.7524 0.557 2013 13031 10269 0.7881 0.80 Source: www.securities.com/emis/ Industry- Online travel Graph 9: Cost analysis for Thomas Cook (All money figures are in INR million) Inferences: The data given in Table 1 shows the average and marginal cost of the service delivered. From graph 9 we can see that the average cost reaches a minimum value of 0.45 at a sales value of INR 8700mn approximately. As the scale of operations of Thomas Cook went up beyond this point the average cost also increased. Clearly it is evident that the company isn’t operating at its minimum cost point. Due to sudden increase in scale of operations, the company might not have optimized its value chain. REGRESSION ANALYSIS IRCTC E-ticket booking: IRCTC started its e-ticket booking facility from 2005 August. By that time there was already i-ticket booking in IRCTC where tickets will be delivered through courier to the house after booking through internet. Once IRCTC launched E-ticket booking, the sales through I-ticketing started declining and this new facility increasing sales of IRCTC. Number of people using internet in 2012 is 11.4% of total population as compared to 4.5% of total population in 2005. This rapid growth in internet users resulted in increment of number of tickets booked through IRCTC. Graph 10: Regression Analysis for IRCTC E-ticket booking Inferences: In 2005, internet Company Sify had announced its tie up with Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) to make online railway ticketing service available at over 3,400 iWay cybercafà ©s across 154 cities, on cash payments. In 2008, With 8 lacs tickets sold every day on its website, IRCTC had announced its expansion policy to give services and sell airline tickets. With overall increase in train travel quality and increase in train travelling, e-tickets are in demand. PROFIT OR LOSS ANALYSIS: MAKE MY TRIP www.moneycontrol.com Year Revenue Total Cost Profit 2011 $124,721.00 $119,891.00 $4,830.00 2012 $196,599.00 $189,951.00 $7,048.00 2013 $228,822.00 $256,411.00 ($27,589.00) 2014 $255,375.00 $276,281.00 ($20,906.00) Graph 11 Inferences: Based on the above analysis MakeMyTrip has achieved its break-even point somewhere in between 2012 and 2013. After that point it has been experiencing losses. PROFIT OR LOSS ANALYSIS THOMAS COOK www.moneycontrol.com Year Revenue(In Cr.) Total Cost(In Cr.) Profit(In Cr.) 2009 242.00 184.00 58.00 2010 282.00 193.00 89.00 2011 340.00 232.00 108.00 2012 386.00 270.00 116.00 2013 383.00 267.00 116.00 Graph 12 Inferences: From above graph, Thomas cook has passed its break-even point and has been experiencing profits for last 5 years. APPENDIX Graph 1: E commerce Market share Graph 2: Growth trend in the online travel market Graph 3: Percentage of online users Graph 4: E commerce market share (including the forward linkages) Graph 5: Summary of expenses of Makemytrip for 4 consecutive years in descending order: Source : http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/mmyt/financials?query=income-statement Graph 6: Traffic generated from mobile devices Graph 7: Reach of travel portals Segment % age Air Travel 7 Train Travel 5 Bus Travel 12 Car Rentals 15 Hotels tours and Packages 20 Graph 8: Profit Margin by segments 2013 Source: E Y

Spain :: essays research papers

Spain The country of Spain lies on the continent of Europe. It is located forty degrees north and four degrees west. The capital of Spain, Madrid, is located in the central region known as the Centro-Meseta. The country of Spain is made up of four regions: El norte, El este, El sur, and Centro-Meseta. Spain's large area of 195,988 square miles covers about five sixths of the Iberian Peninsula. It is one of the largest countries in Western Europe. At its widest point, Spain stretches 635 miles from east to west. It stretches about 550 miles north to south. Spain's longest coastline lies along the Mediterranean Sea and stretches for almost 1700 miles from the eastern end of the Pyrenees mountain chain to the strait of Gibraltar. The Pyrenees, one of Europe's largest mountain chains, is 270 miles long. They are practically impassable to humans because are formed from only steep gorges that lead higher summits. Spain is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean called the Gulf of Cadiz. The Huelva, Rota, and Cadiz ports lie on this coast and further up the Guadalquivir River is the ancient transportation center Seville. Some other major rivers in Spain are the Douro, Tagus, and Ebro rivers. Spain's currency is the peseta and is currently equal to one hundred centimos. The exchange rate has one U. S. Dollar for 134.61 pesetas. More that thirty-nine million people reside in the country of Spain. That is because it is made up of a large ethnic diversity. Its location between Europe and Africa has resulted in a great mixing of races and cultures. The only distinct minority group generally recognized as outside the racial-cultural mainstream of Spanish society is made up of Gypsies, many of whom still follow nomadic life-style along the roads and highways. Fairly large communities of settled Gypsies are found in the cities of Mucia, Granada, Barcelona, and Madrid. Spain is overwhelmingly urban, with seventy-six percent of its people living in towns and cities. This concentration of Spain's people heightens the impression of emptiness that so often is commented on by the travelers, specially those who cross the Meseta. Most of the Spanish portion of the Iberian Peninsula is very thinly populated. In the Centro-Meseta region only the areas around Madrid and Saragossa have dense settlement. There are many different kinds of languages spoken in Spain. Modern Spanish also referred to as Castilian, is spoken throughout Spain and is the official language. Castilian is often a second language, not a mother tongue. In el norte two regional languages are widely spoken. One, the language of Basque people, is Spain :: essays research papers Spain The country of Spain lies on the continent of Europe. It is located forty degrees north and four degrees west. The capital of Spain, Madrid, is located in the central region known as the Centro-Meseta. The country of Spain is made up of four regions: El norte, El este, El sur, and Centro-Meseta. Spain's large area of 195,988 square miles covers about five sixths of the Iberian Peninsula. It is one of the largest countries in Western Europe. At its widest point, Spain stretches 635 miles from east to west. It stretches about 550 miles north to south. Spain's longest coastline lies along the Mediterranean Sea and stretches for almost 1700 miles from the eastern end of the Pyrenees mountain chain to the strait of Gibraltar. The Pyrenees, one of Europe's largest mountain chains, is 270 miles long. They are practically impassable to humans because are formed from only steep gorges that lead higher summits. Spain is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean called the Gulf of Cadiz. The Huelva, Rota, and Cadiz ports lie on this coast and further up the Guadalquivir River is the ancient transportation center Seville. Some other major rivers in Spain are the Douro, Tagus, and Ebro rivers. Spain's currency is the peseta and is currently equal to one hundred centimos. The exchange rate has one U. S. Dollar for 134.61 pesetas. More that thirty-nine million people reside in the country of Spain. That is because it is made up of a large ethnic diversity. Its location between Europe and Africa has resulted in a great mixing of races and cultures. The only distinct minority group generally recognized as outside the racial-cultural mainstream of Spanish society is made up of Gypsies, many of whom still follow nomadic life-style along the roads and highways. Fairly large communities of settled Gypsies are found in the cities of Mucia, Granada, Barcelona, and Madrid. Spain is overwhelmingly urban, with seventy-six percent of its people living in towns and cities. This concentration of Spain's people heightens the impression of emptiness that so often is commented on by the travelers, specially those who cross the Meseta. Most of the Spanish portion of the Iberian Peninsula is very thinly populated. In the Centro-Meseta region only the areas around Madrid and Saragossa have dense settlement. There are many different kinds of languages spoken in Spain. Modern Spanish also referred to as Castilian, is spoken throughout Spain and is the official language. Castilian is often a second language, not a mother tongue. In el norte two regional languages are widely spoken. One, the language of Basque people, is

Elderly Sexual Activity And Health Health And Social Care Essay

As Lindau et Al. ( 2003 ) point out, gender involves the forming of a partnership and pertains to the behaviours, attitudes, map and activity of sexually active persons. Sexual activity has been associated with wellness ( Addis, Van Den Eeden and Wassel-Fyr, 2006 ; Laumann, Nicolosi and Glasser, 2005 ) , and complaint and disease might significantly impair sexual wellness ( Schover, 2000 ) . Aged people are receivers of a broad array of devices and medicines which aim at handling jobs of a sexual nature. While the demand for services and medicine pertaining to sexual wellness is increasing, however non much is known about the sexual behaviour of grownups over 65 old ages of age. In the developed states, the chronological age of 65 old ages old is mostly accepted as a cut-off point for categorization of a individual as ‘older ‘ or ‘elderly ‘ . While common definitions of the 3rd age such as this are so practically utilised, there exists no general consensus as to the point in clip when one really becomes old. Normally, the clip in life when one becomes eligible for a pension is adopted as declarative mood of old age. The United Nations do non utilize a standardised standard, but however agrees to 60+ old ages as mentioning to the aged ( WHO, 2010 ) . A definition of ripening is provided by Gorman ( 2000 ) : ripening is a extremely preset biological procedure which eludes human control. At the same clip, ageing is defined in a constructivist universe, where different societies assign different significances to old age. Chronological age is seen as most of import in developed states. The age between 60 and 65 is taken to mean the oncoming of old age. By contrast, in many developing states, age by old ages bears little relationship to the definition of old age. In such states, the significance of old age may depend alternatively on the functions that are been assigned to older people, or even on the loss of previously-held functions, which may come as a consequence of natural physical diminution. In amount, while the developed universe defines old age in a mode extremely chronological, the same is frequently non true for developing states, where people start to be perceived as elderly when their active function engagement is no long er possible ( Gorman, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to a definition by the World Health Organization ( 2001 ) , gender is â€Å" a natural portion of human development through every stage of life and includes physical, psychological, and societal constituents † ( p. 13 ) . Another definition of gender provided by Rheaume and Mitty ( 2008 ) states that gender is a â€Å" nucleus dimension of life that incorporates impressions, beliefs, facts, phantasies, rites, attitudes, values, and rights with respect to gender individuality and function, sexual Acts of the Apostless and orientation, and facets of pleasance, familiarity, and reproduction † and involves biological, psychological, societal, economic, spiritual, religious and cultural constituents ( p. 342 ) . Health is defined as â€Å" a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing and non simply the absence of disease or frailty † ( WHO, 2001, p. 8 ) . In bend, sexual wellness â€Å" implies a positive attack to human gender and is hence an indispensable constituent of generative wellness. It includes the integrating of bodily, emotional, rational, and societal facets of an person in ways which positively enrich and enhance personality, communicating, love and human relationships † ( p. 13 ) . Sexual wellness, non unlike physical wellness, is viewed as a province of wellbeing where there is an outlook of enjoyable experiences without the invasion of negative feelings such as shame, fright, force per unit area or force. In maintaining with this definition, Calamidas ( 1997 ) suggests that place or assisted-living nurses can play a important function in the quality of aged people ‘s life through assisting them attain and continue a positive mentality to ward the look of their single gender. Historically, a big proportion of today ‘s aged people grew up and lived during a clip when societal norms were both conservative and gender-biased. Broadly talking, sexual intercourse was considered as a enjoyable experience chiefly for the work forces while adult females were thereby expected to sexually fulfill their hubbies and to do babes ( Hajjar and Kamel, 2003 ) . Peoples that today are over 70 old ages old may hold really ‘missed ‘ the sexual revolution of the sixtiess in the context and societal conditions under which it took topographic point, since they were already married and engrossed in their work and household life. This interesting analysis by Hajjar and Kamel ( 2003 ) returns to reason that the challenges to familiarity and gender faced by that age group may be partially due to the acceptance of a instead conservative set of values and beliefs about gender, a limited handiness and entree to knowledge on gender, and a deficiency of experiencing com fy with their gender. Rheaume and Mitty ( 2008 ) suggest that nowadays the traditional stereotypes sing ripening, familiarity and gender are being reexamined ; that is, the point of position is promoted that a desire for familiarity and for sexual contact does non hold to discontinue at any point during the life-time. Knowledge on the sexual activity of the aged people nevertheless is far from complete, particularly within a cross-cultural context every bit good as with mention to educational and fiscal position. In this visible radiation, the generalizability of research findings in this country is instead hindered. Oftentimes, this means that wellness professionals may be left â€Å" slightly in the dark † refering the wants and demands of older grownups as to their gender ( Rheaume and Mitty, 2008, p. 342 ) .Sex of the AgedThe National Social Life, Health and Aging Project ( NSHAP ) has taken up the undertaking of garnering informations on the sexual activity, behaviours and jobs of aged people ( Lindau et al. , 2007 ) . The findings of the national American sample of NSHAP show that while sexual activity tends to diminish with age, most older grownups continue to bask intimate marital or other relationships, every bit good as see their gender an of import facet of life. The bulk of persons aged 57 to 85 old ages old, and about one in three of persons aged between 75 85 old ages old were active sexually. Even in their 80s or 90s, the aged may pattern sex and/or onanism ( Lindau et al. , 2007 ) . There is grounds to propose that some work forces and adult females retain their sexual desire and partnership during the whole of their life ( Addis et al. , 2006 ; AARP, 1999 ; Nicolosi, Laumann and Glasser, 2004 ; Bacon et al. , 2003 ) . Some of these surveies nevertheless have relied on comparatively little sample sizes, and have utilized non-random sampling methods. Taking into consideration the above unfavorable judgments, Lindau et Al. ‘s ( 2007 ) survey examined the happening of sexual activity in sexually active participants and did non happen significantly lessening with old age. At the same clip, the degrees of reported sexual activity in respondents between 60 and 74 old ages old were comparable to the degrees reported by grownups from 18 to 59 old ages old, in a broad US study ( Laumann et al. , 1994 ) . Adults aged 65 old ages and over can retain an active and fulfilling sexual life throughout their old ages ( WHO, 2002 ) . Frequent sexual activity is normally reported after in-between age ( Janus and Janus, 2003 ) . In the study of the American Association of Retired Persons ( AARP, 1999 ) including 1384 aged persons, although sexual activity was reported as being enjoyable, no overarching understanding was reached as to the importance of sex toward keeping a good relationship. The research by AARP ( 1999 ) besides found that old grownups who have spouses tend to experience that a carry throughing sexual relationship is of import, as opposed to old grownups with no spouses. Men older than 75 were more likely to hold a partner or spouse and appeared to keep more favourable attitudes or more involvement towards sex than did adult females of the same age. Work force, whether they had a spouse or non, reported a higher frequence of ideas, feelings and phantasies related to sex than by and large did adult females. Steinke et Al. ‘s ( 2008 ) research with healthy aged people reported that the lesser wellness limitations of the aged helped them to retain their sexual activity throughout the class of their lives. Womans in their 3rd age normally demonstrate a larger decline of sexual activity with clip than make same-aged work forces ( Lindau et al. , 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the consequences of a transnational study of individuals 40 to 80 old ages of age ( Laumann, Paik and Glasser, 2006 ) , adult females tend to believe of sex as a less of import aspect of life than make work forces, and they besides tend to describe more absence of pleasance from it. The finding of the kineticss that are involved in sexual satisfaction are of peculiar importance here ( Carpenter, Nathanson and Kim, 2009 ) . Henderson-King and Veroff ( 1994 ) and Sprecher ( 2002 ) have found that sexual satisfaction enhances the person ‘s wellbeing, while it promotes the stableness of a matrimony and of other personal relationships. A better cognition of the factors that promote and lessen sexual satisfaction may assist in the development of better-suited clinical and policy intercessions against sexual jobs ( Bancroft, 2002 ) . As populations age, a sound apprehension of sexual activity in aged people is going more and more relevant ; people now enjoy longer and healthier lives, attitudes toward gender are being transformed and the importance of a fulfilling sexual life toward the attainment of personal felicity is being recognized ( Seidman, 1991 ; Calasanti & A ; Slevin, 2001 ) .Quality of lifeA figure of writers have suggested that physicians and policy- makers are going more and more aware of the importance of human gender for wellness and for good quality of life across the life span ( Lindau et al. , 2007 ; Satcher, 2001 ; WHO, 2002 ) . In his description of the cross-cultural survey of the World Health Organization, ‘Quality of Life/Older Adults ‘ ( including such subjects as liberty, activity, functionality, familiarity, relationships, socialisation, decease, and deceasing, Robinson ( 2007 ) states that gender, wellness position and personal relationships were all significantly related to quality of life. Many surveies have found that sexual activity bears a important relationship to length of service and positive wellness results ( Palmore, 1982 ; Davey Smith, Frankel and Yarnell, 1997 ; Onder et al. , 2003 ) .Sexual jobsSince the beginning of the twenty-first century new and considerable attending has been paid to the gender of the aged as a consequence of the creative activity of drugs that treat erectile disfunc tion. Male erectile disfunction, if treated efficaciously, can protract the active sex life of the aged of both genders throughout life ( Lindau, 2010 ) . As Cambois, Robine and Hayward ( 2001 ) point out, in many states sexual jobs comprise a major issue for aged people ; in the United States, about one in two 57 to 85 twelvemonth olds who are sexually active study that they have at least one sexual quandary, and one in three reference at least two such afflictions. Consequently, the bulk of the aged people in Lindau et Al. ‘s ( 2007 ) survey did describe teasing jobs of a sexual nature, and about one in four sexually active aged participants of both genders refrained from sexual intercourse as a consequence of a sexual job topic to curative intercession. During the passage to old age, alterations in physiology can impair the sexual reactivity of aged adult females and work forces, while they may impact, either negatively or positively, their sexual map ( Bachmann and Leiblum, 2004 ; Rosen et al. , 2005 ) . Different facets of gender had been found to hold a negative correlativity with hapless wellness and age ( Laumann et al. , 2005 ; Schover, 2000 ; Laumann, Paik and Rosen, 1999 ; Camacho and Reyes-Ortiz, 2005 ) . Isselbacher et Al. ( 1994 ) and Rosen et Al. ( 2005 ) province that jobs of a sexual nature may move as precursors or as epiphenomena to important infections or diseases such as diabetes or malignant neoplastic disease. Sexual jobs that go unnoticed and/or untreated may take to or co-occur with depression and societal backdown ( Nicolosi et al. , 2004 ; Morley and Tariq, 2003, Araujo et al. , 1998 ) . Medicine prescribed to the aged may hold an inauspicious consequence on sexual life ( Finger, Lund and Slagle, 1997 ) ; eve n medicine which treats sexual jobs may hold inauspicious wellness effects ( Lindau et al. , 2006 ; Gott, Hinchliff and Galena, 2004 ) . Steinke et Al. ( 2008 ) besides found that aged participants who were non active sexually showed a deterioration of sexual self-concept, self-efficacy, and satisfaction. In Konstam, Moser and De Jong ‘s ( 2005 ) research, a heightened self-efficacy was demonstrated to better on both sexual map and emotional operation, non excepting depression.Health and genderLindau et Al. ‘s ( 2007 ) survey found sexual activity to be positively related to the physical wellness of the aged, peculiarly in aged work forces. In general, healthy persons of all ages were more likely to prosecute in matrimonial or other intimate relationships and to be more sexually active. Furthermore, physical wellness was found to be related to different aspects of sexual map, every bit good as sexual jobs, irrespective of age ; similar findings have been reported by other research workers ( Laumann et al. , 1999 ; Bacon et al. , 2003 ) . It is advisable so that, when specific conditions apply, aged people who have wellness jobs or who are to have intervention which may act upon their sexual operation may necessitate to be evaluated based on their wellness position alternatively of their age ( Laumann et al. , 2005 ) . In a representative national analysis, Lindau ( 2010 ) assessed the relationship between gender, as measured per sexual activity and quality of sex life, and planetary self-reported physical wellness in mature and aged grownups. Lindau ( 2010 ) found that particularly for older adult females, self-rated wellness was closely related to holding a spouse. Overall, participants who were of really good or first-class physical wellness were approximately 1.7 times more likely to demo an involvement in sex than did participants of less than good wellness. As Lindau ( 2010 ) puts it, when compared to adult females, work forces tend to pass significantly more of their life being sexually active but, at the same clip, miss out on significantly more old ages of sexual activity as a effect of less than good wellness. This strong relationship between work forces ‘s wellness and expected continuance of a sexually active life may be partially attributable to chronic diseases but besides to intervention received for erectile disfunction ( Westlake et al. , 1999 ; Solomon, Man and Jackson, 2003 ; Burke et al. , 2007 ) . The United Nations ( 2007 ) have proposed that in the developed and developing states, a projection of people ‘s sexual activity as they become older can be utile in foretelling wellness demands and resources, sexual function-related services, the recovery from sexual disfunction due to illness, every bit good as the intervention for normally happening wellness conditions in the 3rd age. At the same clip, the want to protract the continuance of their sexual life can modify older people ‘s of import wellness behaviours ; mature grownups may for illustration quit smoke or take their medicine more earnestly if they expect that their action will advance a drawn-out and carry throughing sexual life ( United Nations, 2007 ) .I’I?I?I »I?I?I?I?I ±I† I?I ±Addis IB, Van Den Eeden SK, Wassel-Fyr CL, et Al. Sexual activity and map in middle-aged and older adult females. Obstet Gynecol 2006 ; 107:755-64. American Association of Retired Persons. Modern adulthood. Sexuality survey. Washington DC: AARP ; 1999. Araujo AB, Durante R, Feldman HA, Goldstein I, McKinlay JB. The relationship between depressive symptoms and male erectile disfunction: cross-sectional consequences from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Psychosom Med 1998 ; 60:458-65. Araujo AB, Mohr BA, McKinlay JB. Changes in sexual map in middle-aged and older work forces: longitudinal informations from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004 ; 52:1502-9. Bachmann GA, Leiblum SR. The impact of endocrines on menopausal gender: a literature reappraisal. Menopause 2004 ; 11:120-30. Bacon CG, Mittleman MA, Kawachi I, Giovannucci E, Glassser DB, Rimm EB. Sexual map in work forces older than 50 old ages of age: consequences from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Ann Intern Med 2003 ; 139:161-8. Bancroft, J. ( 2002 ) . The medicalization of female sexual disfunction: The demand for cautiousness. Archivess of Sexual Behavior, 31, 451-455. Burke JP, Jacobson DJ, McGree ME, Nehra A, Roberts RO, Girman CJ, et Al. Diabetess and sexual disfunction: consequences from the Olmsted County survey of urinary symptoms and wellness position among work forces. J Urol 2007 ; 177:1438-42. Calamidas EG. Promoting wellness gender among older grownups: educational challenges for wellness professionals. J Sex Educ Ther 1997 ; 22:45-9. Calasanti, T. M. , & A ; Slevin, K. F. ( 2001 ) . Gender, societal inequalities, and aging. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press. Camacho ME, Reyes-Ortiz CA. Sexual disfunction in the aged: age or disease? Int J Impot Res 2005 ; 17: Suppl 1: S52-S56. Cambois E, Robine JM, Hayward MD. Social inequalities in disability-free life anticipation in the Gallic male population, 1980-1991. Demography 2001 ; 38:513-24. Davey Smith G, Frankel S, Yarnell J. Sexual activity and decease: are they related? Findingss from the Caerphilly Cohort Study. BMJ 1997 ; 315:1641-4. Finger WW, Lund M, Slagle MA. Medicines that may lend to sexual upsets: a usher to appraisal and intervention in household pattern. J Fam Pract 1997 ; 44:33-43. Gorman M. Development and the rights of older people. In: Randel J, et al. , explosive detection systems. The ripening and development study: poorness, independency and the universe ‘s older people. London, Earthscan Publications Ltd.,1999:3-21. Gott M, Hinchliff S, Galena E. General practician attitudes to discoursing sexual wellness issues with older people. Soc Sci Med 2004 ; 58:2093-103. Hajjar RR, Kamel HK. Sex in the nursing place, portion 1: attitudes and barriers to sexual look. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2003 ; 4:152-6. Henderson-King, D. H. , & A ; Veroff, J. ( 1994 ) . Sexual satisfaction and matrimonial wellbeing in the first old ages of matrimony. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 509-534. Isselbacher KJ, Martin JB, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Wilson JD, Kasper DL, eds. Harrison ‘s rules of internal medical specialty. 13th erectile dysfunction. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994:262. Janus SC, Janus CL. The Janus study on sexual behaviour. 1993. Cited in M. Wallace. Sexuality and aging in longterm attention. Ann Long-Term Care 2003 ; 11:53-9. Konstam V, Moser D, De Jong M. Depression and anxiousness in bosom failure. J Card Fail 2005 ; 11:455-63. Laumann EO, Gagnon JH, Michael RT, Michaels S. The societal organisation of gender: sexual patterns in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994:88. Laumann EO, Nicolosi A, Glasser DB, et Al. Sexual jobs among adult females and work forces aged 40-80 Y: prevalence and correlatives identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Int J Impot Res 2005 ; 17:39-57. Laumann EO, Paik A, Glasser DB, et Al. A cross-national survey of subjective sexual wellbeing among older adult females and work forces: findings from the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Arch Sex Behav 2006 ; 35:145-61. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual disfunction in the United States: prevalence and forecasters. JAMA 1999 ; 281: 537-44. Carpenter LM, Nathanson I-CA, Kim YJ. Physical Women, Emotional Work force: Gender and Sexual Satisfaction in Midlife. Arch Sex Behav ( 2009 ) 38:87-107. Lindau, S.T. ( 2010 ) . Sexual activity, wellness, and old ages of sexually active life gained due to good wellness: grounds from two US population-based cross sectional studies of ageing. BMJ, 340, 810 Lindau ST, Laumann EO, Levinson W, Waite LJ. Synthesis of scientific subjects in chase of wellness: the Interactive Biopsychosocial Model. Perspect Biol Med 2003 ; 46: Suppl 3: S74-S86. Lindau ST, Leitsch SA, Lundberg KL, Jerome J. Older adult females ‘s attitudes, behaviour, and communicating about sex and HIV: a community-based survey. J Womens Health ( Larchmt ) 2006 ; 15:747-53. Lindau ST, Schumm L, Laumann E, Levinson W, O'Muircheartaigh C, Waite L. A survey of gender and wellness among older grownups in the United States. N Engl J Med 2007 ; 357:762-74. Morley JE, Tariq SH. Sexual disfunction in older individuals. In: Hazzard WR, Blass JP, Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, eds. Principles of geriatric medical specialty and geriatrics. 5th erectile dysfunction. New York: McGraw- Hill, 2003:1311-23. Nicolosi A, Laumann EO, Glasser DB, et Al. Sexual behaviour and sexual disfunctions after age 40: the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Urology 2004 ; 64:991-7. Nicolosi A, Moreira ED Jr, Villa M, Glasser DB. A population survey of the association between sexual map, sexual satisfaction and depressive symptoms in work forces. J Affect Disord 2004 ; 82:235-43. Onder G, Penninx B, Guralnik JM, Jones H, Fried LP, Pahor M, et Al. Sexual satisfaction and hazard of disablement in older adult females. J Clin Psychiatry 2003 ; 64:1177-82. Palmore EB. Forecasters of the length of service difference: a 25-year followup. Gerontologist 1982 ; 22:513-8. Rheaume, C. , and Mitty, E. ( 2008 ) . Sex and familiarity in older grownups. Geriatric Nursing, 29, 342-349. Robinson JG, Mohlzan AE. Sexuality and quality of life. J Gerontol Nurs 2007 ; 33:19-27. Rosen RC, Wing R, Schneider S, Gendrano N. Epidemiology of erectile disfunction: the function of medical comorbidities and lifestyle factors. Urol Clin North Am 2005 ; 32:403-17. Satcher D. The sawbones general ‘s call to action to advance sexual wellness and responsible sexual behavior. US Department of Health and Human Services, 2001. Schover LR. Sexual jobs in chronic unwellness. In: Leiblum SR, Rosen RC, eds. Principles and pattern of sex therapy. New York: Guilford, 2000:398-422. Seidman, S. ( 1991 ) . Romantic yearnings: Love in America, 1830-1980. New York: Routledge. Solomon H, Man JW, Jackson G. Erectile disfunction and the cardiovascular patient: endothelial disfunction is the common denominator. Heart 2003 ; 89:251-3. Sprecher, S. ( 2002 ) . Sexual satisfaction in prenuptial relationships: Associations with satisfaction, love, committedness, and stableness. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 190-197. Steinke, E.E. , Wright, D.W. , Chung, M.L. , and Moser, D.K. ( 2008 ) . Sexual self-concept, anxiousness, and self-efficacy predict sexual activity in bosom failure and healthy seniors. Heart & A ; Lung, 37, 323-333. United Nations. World population ageing 2007. UN, 2007. Westlake C, Dracup K, Walden JA, Fonarow G. Sexuality of patients with advanced bosom failure and their partners or spouses. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999 ; 18:1133-8. World Health Organization ( 2001 ) . Definitions and indexs in household planning, maternal & A ; child wellness and generative wellness used in the WHO regional office for Europe. Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health European Regional Office. Revised March 1999 & A ; January 2001. Accessed on 25 April 2010 at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.euro.who.int/document/e68459.pdf World Health Organization. Specifying sexual wellness: study of a proficient audience on sexual wellness, 28-31 January 2002. Geneva, 2002. www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/gender_rights/defining_sexual_health/en/index.html. World Health Organization ( 2010 ) . Definition of an older or aged individual: proposed working definition of an older individual in Africa for the MDS Project. Accessed on 25 April 2010 at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/index.html.

Poems paper Essay Example

Poems paper Essay Example Poems paper Essay Poems paper Essay In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames of rebellion. .The greased cartridge what was it all about? The army so far had been quipped with the smooth-barrelled musket, which had a protracted loading procedure and was not accurate over long ranges. The new Enfield rifles, which were now being issued, had grooved or rifled barrels. This made them more accurate and gave them a longer range. The powder and bullet for the new rifle were put together in a paper cartridge.To load the rifle, the end of the cartridge containing the powder had to be bitten off so that the charge would ignite. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. The grease used was tallow, probably containing both cow and pig fat. To the cow reverencing Hindu and the pig paranoid Muslims having to bite this was repellent, defiling and deadly to their religious prospects. The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century.This book is essentially about the heroes Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur and not to forget, a few villains. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. It was a source of inspiration for the national liberation movement, which later achieved what the revolt could not. ***************************************************************************************************** You have been stranded on a desert island. Describe your first 24 hours alone on the island. The first thing that hit me was the smell.Even before I opened my eyes, I knew where I was. The tantalizing scent of washed-up waves and bananas all rolled into one. I felt the millions of grains of sand, hot against my fingers and the cool breeze against my face, a relief from the sweltering sun. I heard the sea crawling onto the sand and, further away, the same monster dashing against the rocks. As I opened my mouth to take in a gulp of air, I tasted salt in my throat. Not the same taste as on Brighton Pier, when you look over into the sea, but a fresh, clean one, as if taking in pure oxygen.Only then, when my four other senses had taken in their share of my surroundings, did I allow myself to open my eyes. I was amazed at how easily fantasy and reality intertwined at that moment. It was like continuing a dream after waking up. As I lifted my eyelids, as the Nowadays, people are well equipped with many technology gadgets and items, so do I. If I was stranded on a deserted island, there would be unlimited things I would like to bring with me. However, since I can only bring three things, I would carry a knife, box of matches and a big jar.I believe those three things would help me surviving in such difficult living condition. First, a knife could be utilized in many ways. On such island, there could exist lots of wild and dangerous animals or species, from which the knife could protect me. Besides the tent, I could make hunting tools, such as: javelin, arrows and bow or set traps to hunt for food. Moreover, a knife can be used for cutting fruits from trees, and skinning the hunted animals. Not only I have food, but I also have variety of choices. Animals can be hunted and killed, but that does not mean they are ready for eating.That explains the reason I brought box of matches, to make fire. Actually, the main purpose of the fire is to keep me warm at night on this deserted island. However, it can be used for many others reasons. Cooking the food, boiling water, chasing away the dangerous animals, creating smoke to attract other human, if any, are only a few examples of utilizing the fire. Wasnt the fire one of the greatest discovery of human and also the key of developing society? That is why I brought a box of matches. Human can survive without food for a long time, but only three days without water would kill a person.Therefore, my big jar will be used for catching rain, which would be boiled and used for water. As mentioned earlier, in ordet to live through this terrible condition, I need water. In conclusion, those three things might seems simple and boring, but they are necessary for the survival of myself on a deserted island. [continues] If I were alone on a deserted island, the first thing I would wish I had brought with me would be my two boys because they would give me the strength to get through each day. Although, my children are not things without them I wouldn’t want or need anything else nor would I have the strength to fight for survival.Having my boys would prevent me from becoming lonely they would offer me a lifetime of entertainment (considering how comical they both are), and also help prevent me from losing my sanity. My boys and I would not be able to maintain healthy diets if we ate only fish, therefore, the second thing I wish I would have brought are seeds. We would plant the seeds to grow our favorite fruits and vegetables. We would be able to enjoy eating healthy, as well as, heighten our survival rate. The third thing I wish I would have brought, if I am able to count it as one item, would be a full size, solar powered house boat.My house boat would be fully equipped with furniture, appliances, linens, and a water purification system. It would also be stocked with our daily living essentials: to maintain our hygiene and stay in good health we would have anti-bacterial soap, toothbrushes, toothpaste, and clothing; to help us hunt, prepare, cook, and eat our food we would have pots and pans, eating and cooking utensils, plants and bowls, a set of sharp knifes, etc. ; to keep ourselves and each other entertained we would have our favorite board games, books to read, sketch paper, and pencils.If I had my boys, seeds to plant, and my wonderful over exaggerating houseboat I would live comfortably on a deserted island for a long time. Boys Discovered on Desert Island Continental 118 was heading from London to Sydney when it was reported missing almost a month ago. The crash site was discovered last night by a British naval patrol ship and thirty-six young boys were rescued safely. The plane lost communication twenty minutes into the flight and authorities say there was no way of knowing where the plane could have gone down. The search was widespread, but with no general co-ordinates the search was not looking good.Search planes and helicopters were sent out, but after three weeks of searching with no leads or results the search was called off. The plane departed London with fifty-two passengers; all of whom were young boys searching for refuge in Australia. The only adults on board were the airline staff and pilot. All eleven staff members died in the crash leaving the boys to fend for themselves. The plane’s black box was recently recovered and after careful inspection the information was released. A heavy storm threw the planes stabilizers and

Feminine Mystique Definition and Background

Feminine Mystique Definition and Background The Feminine Mystique is remembered as the book that â€Å"started† the womens movement and 1960s feminism in the United States. But what is the definition of the feminine mystique? What did Betty Friedan describe and analyze in her 1963 bestseller? Famous, or Famously Misunderstood? Even people who have not read The Feminine Mystique can often identify it as a book that drew attention to the massive unhappiness of women trying to fit a media-idealized â€Å"happy suburban housewife† image. The book examined the role of women’s magazines, Freudian psychology, and educational institutions in limiting women’s life options. Betty Friedan drew back the curtain on society’s pursuit of the pervasive mystique. But exactly what did she expose? Definition of the Feminine Mystique The feminine mystique is the false notion that a woman’s â€Å"role† in society is to be a wife, mother, and housewife - nothing else. The mystique is an artificial idea of femininity that says having a career and/or fulfilling one’s individual potential somehow go against womens pre-ordained role. The mystique is the constant barrage of homemaker-nurturer-mother images that esteem the virtue of keeping house and raising children as essential womanhood while criticizing the â€Å"masculinity† of women who want to do other things, whether along with or instead of the mystique-approved duties.   In Betty Friedans Words â€Å"The feminine mystique says that the highest value and the only commitment for women is the fulfillment of their own femininity,† Betty Friedan wrote in The Feminine Mystique’s second chapter, â€Å"The Happy Housewife Heroine.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It says that the great mistake of Western culture, through most of its history, has been the undervaluation of this femininity. It says this femininity is so mysterious and intuitive and close to the creation and origin of life that man-made science may never be able to understand it. But however special and different, it is in no way inferior to the nature of man; it may even in certain respects be superior. The mistake, says the mystique, the root of women’s troubles in the past is that women envied men, women tried to be like men, instead of accepting their own nature, which can find fulfillment only in sexual passivity, male domination, and nurturing maternal love. (The Feminine Mystique, New York: W.W. Norton 2001 paperback edition, pp. 91-92) One major problem was that the mystique told women it was something new. Instead, as Betty Friedan wrote in 1963, â€Å"the new image this mystique gives to American women is the old image: ‘Occupation: housewife.’† (p. 92) Inventing an Old-Fashioned Idea The new mystique made being a housewife-mother the ultimate goal, rather than recognizing that women (and men) could be freed by modern appliances and technology from many of the domestic labors of earlier centuries. Women of previous generations may have had no choice but to spend more time cooking, cleaning, washing and bearing children. Now, in mid-20th century U.S. life, instead of allowing women to do something else, the mystique stepped in and made this image: â€Å"into a religion, a pattern by which all women must now live or deny their femininity.† (p. 92) Rejecting the Mystique Betty Friedan ably dissected the messages of women’s magazines and their emphasis on buying more household products, a self-fulfilling prophecy designed to keep women in the fabricated role. She also analyzed Freudian analysis and the ways women were blamed for their own unhappiness and lack of fulfillment. The prevailing narrative told them they simply weren’t living up to the mystique’s standards.   The Feminine Mystique awakened many readers to the realization that the upper-middle-class-suburban-homemaker-mother image being spread across the land was a false idea that hurt women, families, and society. The mystique denied everyone the benefits of a world in which all people could work to their fullest potential.

Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business Assignment

Financing the Short Term Obligations of The Business - Assignment Example And, the day-to-day operations include payment of wages to employees and payment for inventory as well. Technically speaking, time duration covering the definition of short term finance is of one year. Any short term finance must be repaid within one year period. Following are the four different sources of short term finance available to business: Overdrafts Trade credit Short term loans Lease finance Overdrafts Overdraft means the amount overdrawn from bank (Siddiqui & Siddiqui 2007).Overdrafts are deficits which are financed by the bank. The overdrafts are results of payments exceeding income in the current account. Overdrafts can easily be availed and remain flexible with regard to the amount borrowed at any point of time and only sum of interest is paid when the account is overdrawn. A particular overdraft limit is set that should not be surpassed. Repayment is carried out on demand and security depends on the facility size or overdraft limit. Trade Credit Trade credit may be def ined as credit which is granted on account of transactions of one firm with other firms (Ball 2009). Trade credit is a type of short term loan. Trade credit represents an interest free short-term loan. And, the main purpose of extending this facility is to enable businesses to purchase current assets on credit with payment terms normally existing between 30 to 90 days. Short term loans A short term loan is a loan for a specified fixed amount for a particular period. It is drawn in toto at the start of the short term loan period and through defined instalments, it is repaid. Some conditions are attached with the short term loan and the borrower is under compulsion to comply with. Short term loan is not repayable on demand by the bank. The examples of short term loans are trade credit, bank loans and commercial papers (Gitman & McDaniel 2006). Lease finance A business instead of buying an asset outright may lease an asset consuming available resources or borrowing funds. The ownership and control are not availed by businesses. The lessor retains the asset ownership. The lessee enjoys asset possession and use of the leased asset on payment of a particular sum of rentals over a period. And, operating lease is a form of short term lease (Bhole & Mahakud 2009). Sainsbury and Tesco meeting their short term obligations Companies account for their short term obligations under the label of current liabilities. Sainsbury is using almost every source of short term finance in order to meet its short term obligations in the financial year 2011. Sainsbury uses overdrafts, bank loan, which is due in 2012 and finance lease obligations which are also due in the same year. The closer analysis shows that Sainsbury has used borrowings of 74 million pounds and 59 million pounds from derivative financial instruments. This shows that the company has used more borrowings than derivative financial instruments (Sainsbury Annual Report 2011). Tesco has also used borrowings and derivative financial instruments to fulfil its day-to-day cash requirements. Tesco borrowed ? 1386 million and ? 255 million were obtained through derivative financial instruments (Tesco Annual Report 2011). In the borrowed figure, finance lease amount was ? 50 million and bank